Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as a prominent technology for wastewater treatment due to their high removal efficiencies and compact footprint. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely utilized in MBR systems owing to their inherent resistance to fouling, chemical durability, an

Membrane Aerated Bioreactors (MABRs) are a sophisticated method for treating wastewater. Unlike classic bioreactors, MABRs harness a unique combination of membrane aeration and microbial processes to achieve superior treatment efficiency. Within an MABR system, air is transferred directly through th